Governor Generals

Title : Governor Generals

(Educational & Informational Purpose Only)

Warren Hastings (1784-85):

1. Abolition of Dual system

2. Revenue: Board of Revenue, English collectors, Accountant general, Izardari system

3. Judicial: Civil and Criminal court for every dist. Under Collector, appellate courts: Diwani - Governor and two

judges from council, Nizamat - Indian judges 4. Trade: uniform tariff, abolished dastaks, regulated internal trade, pre-paid postage system

5. 1773 act

6. Wars: Rohilla war 1774, Maratha 1776-82, Mysore 1780-84

7. 1784 act

8. Impeachment

ವಾರೆನ್ ಹೇಸ್ಟಿಂಗ್ಸ್ (1784-85):

1. ದ್ವಂದ್ವ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯ ನಿರ್ಮೂಲನೆ

2. ಆದಾಯ: ಕಂದಾಯ ಮಂಡಳಿ, ಇಂಗ್ಲೀಷ್ ಕಲೆಕ್ಟರ್ಸ್, ಅಕೌಂಟೆಂಟ್ ಜನರಲ್, ಇಜರ್ದಾರಿ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ

3. ನ್ಯಾಯಾಂಗ: ಪ್ರತಿ ಜಿಲ್ಲೆಗೆ ಸಿವಿಲ್ ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ರಿಮಿನಲ್ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯ. ಕಲೆಕ್ಟರ್ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ, ಮೇಲ್ಮನವಿ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯಗಳು: ದಿವಾನಿ - ಗವರ್ನರ್ ಮತ್ತು ಎರಡು ಕೌನ್ಸಿಲ್‌ನ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಧೀಶರು, ನಿಜಾಮತ್ - ಭಾರತೀಯ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಧೀಶರು 

4. ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ: ಏಕರೂಪದ ಸುಂಕ, ರದ್ದುಪಡಿಸಿದ ದಾಸ್ತಕ್‌ಗಳು, ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿತ ಆಂತರಿಕ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ, ಪೂರ್ವ-ಪಾವತಿಸಿದ ಅಂಚೆ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ

5. 1773 ಕಾಯಿದೆ

6. ಯುದ್ಧಗಳು: ರೋಹಿಲ್ಲಾ ಯುದ್ಧ 1774, ಮರಾಠಾ 1776-82, ಮೈಸೂರು 1780-84

7. 1784 ಕಾಯಿದೆ

8. ದೋಷಾರೋಪಣೆ

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Cornwallis (1786-93):

1. Wars: Mysore 1790-92

2. Administrative: High salaries to Officials, purify civil services, competition based recruitment, Separation of

3. Revenue: Permanent Settlement

Code-on principle of Montesquieu 'Separation of powers'. All officials are answerable

5. Police: Dist. Judge->Police->Thanas - Indian Daroga->Constables

powers-Commercial, Judicial and Revenue - collectors deprived of their Judicial 4. Judicial: 4 provincial - Calcutta, Dacca, Patna, Murshidabad. Sir William Jones. George Barlow - Cornwallis

6. Other: Board of Trade - EIC's commercial investment, fair treatment was given to weavers and worker

7. Evaluation: curtailed Tipu, consolidated company's position, purified administration

John Shore (1793-98): No events. Non-intervention policy.

Wellesley (1798-05):

Condition: Zaman Shah on NW, Marathas on N and Central, Tipu uncompromising enemy, Nizam of Hyd employed Frenchmen, political neutrality of previous John shore, Napoleon invasion of East → Non intervention to Subsidiary alliance. Trading corporation to Imperial power.

George Barlow (1805-07): Vellore Mutiny 1806

Lord Minto (1807-13): Treaty of Amritsar, 1809 and Charter Act 1813.

Richard Hastings (1813-23):

Paramountcy concept

1. Gurkhas (1814-16): Treaty of Sagauli - Tarai region, Garhwal and Kumaon region

2. Suppression of Pindaris

3. Third Maratha War: 1817-18

4. Reforms: approved Ryotwari settlement, police system of Bengal extended, Again Collector as Magistrate, vernacular schools, Hindu college 1817, abolished Censorship of Press by Wellesley

Publish Date : 2021

Daily Quiz Telegram Group - @kpsc2019

Lord Amherst (1823-28): First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-26): Treaty of Yandaboo-Assam annexed.

Lord William Bentinck (1828-35):

1. Governor of Madras in 1803, Recalled after Vellore Mutiny 1806

2. Policy towards Indian States: Non-intervention and Non-aggression

3. Charter Act 1833

4. Financial: reduced salaries, bhattas

5. Judicial: abolished provincial courts, local languages in lower and English in higher

6. Revenue: Mahalwari system

7. Social: Sati, more infanticide, thugs (Sleemen), Maculay educational minutes, Anglicist approach, 1835

Calcutta Medical College 8. Evaluation: Straightforward, honest, upright, benevolent, sensible man.

Lord Auckland (1836-42): First Afghan War (1836-42) - lost

Lord Ellenborough (1842-44): Abolition of Slavery, annexed Sindh Lord Hardinge (1844-48): Prohibition of Human Sacrifice, 1" Anglo-Sikh war 1845-46-T. of Lahore

Lord Dalhousie (1848-56):

1. Annexation of PB 1849, Sikkim 1850, Lower Burma 1852, Awadh, Doctrine of Lapse

2. Administrative: Bengal Lt. Governor, Centralized control over newly acquired territory. GG>Commissioner >Territory

3. Military: increase Europeans in army, inclusion of martial tribes

4. Educational: Woods dispatch 1854, Universities: Bombay, Madras and Calcutta and Engg. College @roorkee

5. Railways: Strategic lines to move goods and troops to East, defense purpose. 1853 Mumbai-thane 6. Electric Telegraph: Father of E. Telegraph in India, 4000 miles from Cal-Peshawar and Bombay-Madras

7. Postal: Uniform rate, Intro of Stamps, Modern postal system, Post Office Act 1854

8. Public Works Dept.: Separately estd. And funded, Ganga canal, Bridges, Roads etc.

9. Commercial: Free trade, Indian ports to World trade, Harbors @Bombay, Karachi, Calcutta, Indian economy got globalized

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Number of Pages : link

Scanned Copy : Yes

Editable Text : No

Acts:

Regulating Act: 1773: Warren Hastings

1. 24 COD through elections by Shareholders with 1000 pounds share (Court of Proprietors) 2. Governor of Bengal -> Gov. Gen. of Bengal over Bombay and Madras (in foreign relations, wars, treaties)

3. Gov.Gen. in Council -> 4 members: legislation through means of Majority. (Executive Council)

4. No veto power to GG

5. Estd. Supreme court @Calcutta

Pitt's India Act: 1784: Warren Hastings

1. Estd. Dual govt. -> Under Crown: 6 BOC (administrative purpose, nominate Governors and GG) and Under EIC:

24 COD (trade and commerce)

2. Executive Council members from 4 to 3. One of them would be Commander-in-chief. To strengthen Gov. by having 1 mem on his side and given Casting vote when tie. (2-2, Gov. caste vote not Veto)

3. Secret Committee: bridge bt. BOC and COD 4. Disclosing value of property to COD by all civil and military officials.

Act of 1786: Cornwallis

He had a demand that powers of the Governor-General be enlarged to empower him, in special cases, to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility. Cornwallis was appointed as Governor-General and commander in chief in India. Implicitly, it is veto

power to GG.

Charter Act: 1793: Cornwallis

1. Monopoly of EIC: only next 20 years (Napoleon-Continental system of Europe-Ban of imports of Britain and

Adam Smith's Free trade policy-pressure from other traders on govt.)

2. Salaries from Indian revenue.

Charter Act: 1813: Richard Hastings

1. Only monopoly on Tea and with China.

2. Christian missionaries were allowed with permission of COD or BOC

3. Annual allocation of 100,000 rupees for Education for Indians (Modern education start) 4. Local govt. could impose taxes on persons who subj. to jurisdiction of SC

Charter Act: 1833: William Bentinck: Saint Helena Act/ Gol Act 1833

2. GG of Bengal > GG of India.

1. EIC was deprived of its commercial privileges, only as an administrative body: trustee of the Crown

3. Bombay and Madras were deprived from its law making power and were only for advisory purpose.

4. Again Executive council: 3 to 4. Law member for legislative purpose only.

5. Codify the laws: Indian Law commission. All laws made were kept before British parliament to become Acts.

6. Services opened for Indians. COD nominates 4 times the no. of vacancies.

Charter Act: 1853: Lord Dalhousie

1. Reduced no. of COD from 24 to 18. Among 18, 6 were nominated by Crown.

2. Separate Governor for Presidency of Bengal.

3. Power to COD to form new presidency or to appoint Lt.Gov. to any territory.

4. Expansion of Gov. Gen. Council for Legislative purpose-> [(4+1)+6]=>beginning of Parliamentary sys.

5. Open competition for Civil Services-Macaulay report

Govt. of India Act: 1858: Lord Canning

1. Abolition of Company rule (abolished BOC, COD Dual Government introduced by the Pitt's India act)

2. Secretary of State - powers of both COD and BOC

3. Secretary of State-in-Council-15:7 by COD and 8 by crown

4. Office of Viceroy creation - as a diplomat to negotiate with Princely States

5. Abolition of Doctrine of Lapse.

Indian Councils Act: 1861: Lord Canning

1. 5 member to Executive council: Finance Member

2. Legislative purpose: 6 to 12 increment. At least half of the additional mem (1.e. 3 mem) should be non-officials

nominated by Viceroy.

3. Ordinance making power to Viceroy.

4. Assent to the Bill by GG is must > Withhold/veto

5. Portfolio system

6. Decentralization: Bombay and Madras legislative powers

7. New legislative councils in Bengal, NWFP, PB

8. No distinction between Central and Provincial sub).

Indian Councils Act: 1892: To increase the size of Legislative councils-Indirect elections - Beginning of representative

form of Gol

1. Additional mem in the Central as well as Provincial legislative councils (Central: 10<x<16). These were elected through indirect elections. (SoS didn't agree for Direct elections. 1" step for Representative)

2. Legislative councils can discuss about Budget but no supplementary questions can be asked. 3. Questions on public interest can be asked with prior permission of GG/Gov.

Indian Councils Act: 1909: Morley-Minto Reforms: Direct elections: Benevolent despotism-Constitutional autocracy

-GG veto

1. Expanded Central (16 increased to 60) and Provincial Legislative Councils: Direct elections

2. Non-official members to Legislative Councils: 1 time Direct election through Communal representation:

Muslims, Chamber of Commerce, Special and General.

3. Discussion of Budget and also supplementary questions can be asked.

4. Foreign affairs and Military matters couldn't be discussed.5. One Indian has to be appointed to the Executive council.

Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms: Gol Act 1919: To end benevolent despotism and to est. responsible govt. and also

Decentralized unitary form of govt.

1. Separation of Central and Provincial lists.

2. Diarchy in Provinces - Transferred and Reserved-gradual transition from irresponsible to responsible.

3. Unicameralism Bicameralism @Centre

4. 3/6 of Viceroy's executive council: Indians 5. Separate electorates for Christians and Sikhs

6. High commissioner of India @London

7. Public Service Commission

8. Commission to analyze the working of Gol Act 1919 after 10 years: Simon Commission

Gol Act 1935:

1. All India federation: Provinces and Princely states (these have discretion). But didn't happen in reality.

Legislature practices according to 1919 Act itself.

2. Federal list, Provincial list and concurrent list 3. Abolished Diarchy in Provinces (1919) - Introduced provincial autonomy

4. Adoption of Diarchy at Centre: reserved, transfer

5. Bicameralism in 6/11 provinces

6. Abolished Indian Council of SoS and placed an advisory body.

7. RBI estd.

8. Estd. Federal court and setup in 1937

9. Estd. Federal Public Service Commission

1773: 4+1: Executive council

1784: 3+1: Executive council

1833: 4+1:4h Law mem.

1853: [(4+1) +6]

1861: [(5+1) +12]

1892: [(5+1)+16]

1909: [(5+1) +60]

1919: (5+1)+(LS: 145=41+104)+ (RS: 60 = 27+33)

1935: (10+1)+(LS: 375= 250+125)+ (RS: 260=156+101)

Education Policies:

Macaulay minutes on Education: 1835

1. Language: Teaching in English language.

2. Content: Technical education

3. Target: Downward filtration approach. Higher class initially.

Woods Dispatch: 1854

1. Traditional education should not be ignored.

2. Teach in vernacular languages at Primary and Secondary level but in English at Higher Education level. 3. Downward filtration approach was scrapped.

4. Mass education is govt.'s responsibility.

5. A hierarchy of educational institutions were setup.

6. Separate Dept. of Education was setup in every province 7. Universities @Calcutta, Madras and Bombay.

8. Teachers training institute should be established.

Hunter's Commission: 1882

1. Remarks confined to only Primary and Secondary level. 2. Responsibility of Primary education should be given to Dist. And Municipal boards.

3. Lesser govt. control over Universities

4. Take notice of lack of women education.

Universities Act: 1904

1. Based on Releigh Commission recommendations.

2. Senate fellows: 50<x<100

3. Fellows nominated by Govt.

4. Govt. could veto regulations passed by Senate

S. Appointment of Lecturers, Professors > govt. approval was compulsory

6. Universities losing their power

Govt. resolution to Education policy: 1912

1. Policy on removal of Illiteracy

2. No to Compulsory education

Saddler Universities Commission: 1917

1. School course: 12 years

2. Centralized teaching Universities encouraged

3. Special board of women education in Calcutta University

4. Also recommended setting up of new Universities: Patna, Mysore, Aligarh, Benares, Lucknow, Dacca

Hurtong Committee: 1929

Wardha Scheme of Basic education: 1937

Setup by the Provincial govt. formed by the Congress under Zakir Hussain

Sergeant Plan: 1944

Envisaged free and compulsory educatin between 6 and 11 years of age.

Radhakrishna Commission: 1948

Cost : Free of cost

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